K-RANGER AS A TOOL IN CLINICAL RESEARCH
Attempts to quantify Accommodation amplitude has only recently come to prominence as more and more surgical options are being investigated for overcoming the optical disadvantage induced by presbyopia and pseudophakia. These include:

1. Scleral expansion techniques, Supraciliary Segments
2. Laser Presbyopia Reversal,
3. Laser Thermokeratoplasty, Conductive Keratoplasty
4. Bifocal and multi-focal IOLs, Accommodative IOLs
5. Presbyopic Phakic IOLs
6. Multifocal Lasik/Lasek

It must be realized that the readings obtained by the K-ranger expresses the net effect of true accommodation and pseudo-accommodation. Unpublished studies indicate, for instance, that there is a remarkable increase in AA readings obtained in Multi-focal lenses as compared to mono-focal IOLs. For the present it may be stated that the instrument at the very least has provided standard parameters for recording of accommodation, which will make data collected from multiple sites comparable.

K-RANGER AS A DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC TOOL:
It has been observed that conditions such as Uveitis, Iridocyclytis and indeed any condition that may cause inflammatory and non-inflammatory trauma to the ciliary body and adjacent structures or their innervations, may affect the function of Accommodation. With the use of the K-ranger it may be possible to document the effect and monitor response to treatment or the process of recovery. Anecdotal case studies seem to indicate a significant loss of Accommodation function even months after clinical recovery from Iridocyclytis. Studying this function could help in deciding duration of treatment or predicting future attacks.

It is possible that the standardization of parameters in the K-Ranger will help in providing collaborative support to in the Diagnosis and Treatment of other ophthalmic diseases such as Glaucoma, Cataract and even neurological disorders that are known or suspected to effect Accommodation. This may be extended to even systemic disorders such as Myasthenia, Thyroid disorders, Diabetes Mellitus etc. It is possible that the data obtained will help in the management of these disorders.

Unpublished studies indicate a very useful role of the K-Ranger in diagnosis of “Computer Fatigue Syndrome”. It has been observed that many professionals engaged in prolonged computer related activities have demonstrated a low accommodation Amplitude. Diurnal variation tests, readings recorded before and after work and provocative tests using the K-Ranger helps to record latent weakness in accommodative functions.

AS A REFRACTORY TOOL
By recording Monocular and Binocular accommodation amplitude, Refractive and Presbyopic correction can be more scientific and tailored to the patients’ needs.

IN “COMPUTER FATIGUE SYNDROME"
Many professionals engaged in prolonged computer related activities have demonstrated accommodation related symptoms. Accommodation Diurnal Variation tests and Provocative tests using the K-ranger help record latent weakness in accommodative functions and monitor response to treatment.

OBJECTIVE READINGS
Objective AA can be measured by the process of Dynamic Retinoscopy. For this, the Aperture Card is recommended or the use of a “One-way mirror” or “Half-mirror” (at present not provided with the device).